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Inspiring language learning in the early years
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Glossary

Inspiring language learning in the early years
Why it matters and what it looks like for children age 3-12

Links and further reading

Glossary

Please note: These definitions relate to this specific project. The same terms may be defined differently elsewhere.

Items in total: 21

bilingualism (see also plurilingualism)

An individual’s capacity to communicate in two languages, at whatever level of proficiency.

Condat Sophie (March 2010), Bibliographie – Bilinguisme et enseignement bilingue, CIEP, Sèvres.

Term in French:

bilinguisme (voir également plurilinguisme)

La capacité d’un individu à communiquer dans deux langues, quel que soit son niveau de compétence.

CLIL – Content and Language Integrated Learning

An educational approach where the additional language is used for the learning and teaching of content and language with the objective of promoting both content and language learning.

Coyle D., Hood P., Marsh D. (2010), CLIL: Content and Language Integrated Learning, “A window on CLIL”, 1-10, available at https://assets.cambridge.org/97805211/30219/excerpt/9780521130219_excerpt.pdf.

Maljers A., Marsh D., Wolff D., Genesee F., Frigols-Martín M., Mehisto P. (2010), based on Marsh D. & Wolff D. (éds.) (2007), Diverse contexts – Converging goals: CLIL in Europe, Peter Lang, Frankfurt.

Term in French:

EMILE – Enseignement d’une matière intégré à une langue étrangère

Une approche éducative où la langue supplémentaire est utilisée pour l’apprentissage et lenseignement d’un contenu et d’une langue avec l’objectif de promouvoir à la fois le contenu et l’apprentissage des langues.

communicative competences

The ability to use one or more language varieties to communicate according to the context.

Council of Europe (2001), Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, teaching, assessment, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 9, available at https://rm.coe.int/1680459f97.

Term in French:

compétences communicatives

La capacité à utiliser une ou plusieurs variétés de langue pour communiquer selon le contexte.

early language learning

The teaching and learning of (additional) languages for children age 3 to 12 in educational contexts.

Commission européenne, Éducation et formation, Apprentissage précoce des langues, available at https://ec.europa.eu/education/policies/multilingualism/early-language-learning_en, accessed 10 May 2019.

Term in French:

apprentissage des langues dès le plus jeune âge

L’enseignement et l’apprentissage de langues (supplémentaires) pour les enfants de 3 à 12 ans dans des contextes éducatifs.

foreign languages

Language varieties used within a specific geographical area for a language which is not used as a language of communication in that area.

Term in French:

langues étrangères

Variétés de langues non utilisées en tant que langues de communication ordinaires dans un espace géographique donné.

formative assessment

Form of assessment that focusses on learning and learning processes and shapes the direction and content of further learning.

Council of Europe (European Centre for Modern Languages) (2013), Glossary “ECML programme 2008-2011 ‘Empowering language professionals’”, p. 76, available at www.ecml.at/Portals/1/20140130_Glossary_ECML%20MTP3_EmpoweringLanguageProfessionals_with%20index_FINAL.pdf, accessed 10 May 2019.

Also used in:

Fischer Johann, Laurent Rouveyrol, Sawicka Barbara, Zabala-Delgado Julia, CEFR Companion Volume implementation toolbox, “Constructive alignment”, Council of Europe (European Centre for Modern Languages), 2023, available at www.ecml.at/companionvolumetoolbox.

Term in French:

évaluation formative

Forme d’évaluation qui se concentre sur l’apprentissage et les processus d’apprentissage et qui détermine l’orientation et le contenu de la formation continue.

holistic learning

Learning which “seeks to fully activate all aspects of the learner’s personality (intellect, emotions, imagination, body) for more effective and comprehensive learning.”

Bureau international d’éducation (BIE-UNESCO), Glossary of curriculum terminology, Holistic learning approach, available at www.ibe.unesco.org/fr/node/12216, accessed 10 May 2019.

Term in French:

apprentissage global / holistique

L’apprentissage qui cherche à activer pleinement tous les aspects de la personnalité de l’apprenant (intellect, émotions, imagination, corps) pour un apprentissage plus efficace et plus complet.

language diversity / linguistic diversity

Presence of different language varieties in the same geographical area.

Term in French:

diversité linguistique

Présence de plusieurs variétés de langues sur un même territoire.

language register

The variety of language used for a particular purpose and in a specific context (e.g. formal and informal register).

Montgomery Martin (2008), Language and situation: register, in Language et société 2008/2, no. 124, p. 89-93, available at www.cairn.info/revue-langage-et-societe-2008-2-page-89.htm, accessed 10 May 2019.

Term in French:

registre de langue

La variété des langues utilisées dans un but particulier et dans un contexte spécifique (par exemple, registre formel et informel).

language variety

Generic, neutral term which describes a specific form of language and which avoids a value judgement and labelling a particular language.

Beacco Jean-Claude, Byram Michael (2007), From linguistic diversity to plurilingual education – Guide for the development of language education policies in Europe, Council of Europe, Strasbourg, p. 115, available at http://rm.coe.int/CoERMPublicCommonSearchServices/DisplayDCTMContent?documentId=09000016802fc1c4, accessed 10 May 2019.

Creese Angela and Blackledge Adrian (2015), “Translanguaging and identity in educational settings”, Cambridge University Press, published online 13 March 2015, available at www.cambridge.org/core/journals/annual-review-of-applied-linguistics/article/translanguaging-and-identity-in-educational-settings/E52D4C1844328A0E1534B16145B5EF4D, accessed 10 May 2019.

Term in French:

variété linguistique

Terme générique et neutre qui décrit une forme spécifique de langage et qui évite de porter un jugement de valeur et de dénommer une langue particulière.

language(s) of schooling

Official language(s) used as language(s) of instruction in school which is/are not always the children’s family language(s).

Beacco Jean-Claude, Byram Michael (2007), From linguistic diversity to plurilingual education ‐ Guide for the development of language education policies in Europe, Council of Europe, Strasbourg, p. 115, available at http://rm.coe.int/CoERMPublicCommonSearchServices/DisplayDCTMContent?documentId=09000016802fc1c4, accessed 10 May 2019.

Term in French:

langues de scolarisation

Langue(s) officielle(s) utilisée(s) comme langue(s) d’enseignement à l’école qui n'est (ne sont) pas toujours la (les) langue(s) familiale(s) des enfants.

learner autonomy

The capacity of learners to take charge of their own learning, including a choice of aims, content, approaches, etc. based around individual needs and interests.

Condat Sophie (March 2010), Bibliographie Bilinguisme et enseignement bilingue, CIEP, Sèvres, available at www.france-education-international.fr/ressources/bilinguisme-enseignement-bilingue-pdf-318-ko-mars-2010, accessed 10 May 2019.

Council of Europe (European Centre for Modern Languages (2013), Glossary – ECML programme 2008-2011 “Empowering language professionals” / Glossaire – Programme 2008-2011 du CELV “Valoriser les professionnels en langues” / Glossar – Programm des EFSZ 2008-2011 “Sprachlehrende in ihrer Rolle stärken”, available at www.ecml.at/Portals/1/20140130_Glossary_ECML%20MTP3_EmpoweringLanguageProfessionals_with%20index_FINAL.pdf, p. 46, accessed 10 May 2019.

Newby David, Allan Rebecca, Fenner Anne-Brit, Jones Barry, Komorowska Hanna and Soghikyan Kristine (2007), European Portfolio for Student Teachers of Languages (EPOSTL) – A reflection tool for language teacher education, Council of Europe (European Centre for Modern Languages), p. 76, available at www.ecml.at/Resources/ECMLresources/tabid/277/ID/51/Default.aspx, accessed 10 May 2019.

Term in French:

autonomie de l’apprenant

La capacité des apprenants à prendre en charge leur propre apprentissage, y compris un choix d'objectifs, de contenus, d'approches, etc., basé sur les besoins et les intérêts individuels.

linguistic / language repertoire

The set of languages and language varieties, including first language(s), regional language(s), language(s) learned in the education system and in other contexts, acquired by an individual.

The levels of competence as well as the function of in these languages and language varieties can vary and change over the course of an individual’s life.

Bernaus Mercè, Furlong Áine, Jonckheere Sofie, Kervran Martine (2012), Plurilingualism and pluriculturalism in content-based teaching: A training kit, Glossary, “Linguistic repertoire / Répertoire linguistique”, Council of Europe (European Centre for Modern Languages), Graz, available at http://conbat.ecml.at/Resources/Glossary/Languagerepertoire/tabid/1509/language/en-GB/Default.aspx, accessed 10 May 2019.

Council of Europe, Linguistic Integration of Adult Migrants (LIAM), Key terms, “Language repertoire”, available at www.coe.int/en/web/lang-migrants/repertoire-language-, accessed 10 May 2019.

Term in French:

répertoire linguistique

L’ensemble des langues et des variétés de langues acquises par un individu, y compris la (les) première(s) langue(s), la (les) langue(s) régionale(s), la (les) langue(s) apprise(s) dans le système éducatif et dans d’autres contextes.

Les niveaux de compétence ainsi que la fonction de ces langues et variétés de langues peuvent varier et changer au cours de la vie d’un individu.

literacy

Capacity to employ a graphic system and to use this to produce and interpret written texts in different contexts.

Beacco Jean-Claude, Byram Michael (2007), From linguistic diversity to plurilingual education – Guide for the development of language education policies in Europe, Council of Europe, Strasbourg, p. 116, available at http://rm.coe.int/CoERMPublicCommonSearchServices/DisplayDCTMContent?documentId=09000016802fc1c4, accessed 10 May 2019.

European Commission (September 2012), EU high level group of experts on literacy – Final report, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, available at https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/96d782cc-7cad-4389-869a-bbc8e15e5aeb, accessed 10 May 2019.

Term in French:

littératie

Capacité à utiliser un système graphique et à s’en servir pour produire et interpréter des textes écrits dans différents contextes.

meaning making

The process of developing knowledge and understanding by drawing on all linguistic resources.

Meyer Oliver, Coyle Do, Halbach Ana, Schuck Kevin (2015), A pluriliteracies approach to teaching for learning, Glossary, “Making meaning”, Council of Europe (European Centre for Modern Languages), Graz, available at www.ecml.at/F7/Glossary/tabid/1496/Default.aspx, accessed 10 May 2019.

Term in French:

apprentissages significatifs

Le processus de développement de la connaissance et de la compréhension en faisant appel à toutes les ressources linguistiques.

metalinguistic awareness

The ability to consciously reflect on the nature and use of language.

Languages Group of the SCDE (Scottish Council of Deans of Education), NFfL – National Framework for Languages, “meta-linguistic awareness”, available at www.nffl.education.ed.ac.uk/glossary/meta-linguistic-awareness/, accessed 10 May 2019.

Term in French:

conscience métalinguistique

La capacité à réfléchir consciemment sur la nature et l’utilisation des langues.

minority language

Language which may be spoken by a majority in a section of a national territory, which may have official status there, but may not necessarily have official language of legal status.

Term in French:

langues minoritaires

Langue qui peut être parlée de manière majoritaire dans un espace national restreint, et qui peut y avoir un statut officiel, mais qui n’a pas nécessairement statut de langue officielle ou qui est sans statut juridique.

modern languages

All languages currently used.

Council of Europe (European Centre for Modern Languages) (2013), Glossary – ECML programme 2008-2011 “Empowering language professionals”, p. 38, available at www.ecml.at/Portals/1/20140130_Glossary_ECML%20MTP3_EmpoweringLanguageProfessionals_with%20index_FINAL.pdf, accessed 10 May 2019.

Term in French:

langues vivantes

Toutes les langues actuellement utilisées.

multilingualism

The presence of several languages in a given area or domain; it refers to plurilingual people as well as to monolingual persons with different languages living in a same area.

Council of Europe, Linguistic Integration of Adult Migrants (LIAM), Key terms, “Language repertoire”, available at www.coe.int/en/web/lang-migrants/repertoire-language-, accessed 10 May 2019.

Term in French:

multilinguisme

La présence de plusieurs langues dans une région ou un domaine donné ; le terme désigne aussi bien les personnes plurilingues que les personnes monolingues parlant des langues différentes et vivant dans une même région.

plurilingualism

An individual’s capacity to communicate in two or more languages, a whatever level of proficiency.

Council of Europe (European Centre for Modern Languages) (2013), Glossary “ECML programme 2008-2011 “Empowering language professionals”, p. 153, available at www.ecml.at/Portals/1/20140130_Glossary_ECML%20MTP3_EmpoweringLanguageProfessionals_with%20index_FINAL.pdf, accessed 10 May 2019.

Council of Europe, Linguistic Integration of Adult Migrants (LIAM), Key terms, “Language repertoire”, available at www.coe.int/en/web/lang-migrants/repertoire-language-, accessed 10 May 2019.

Little David (2011), The European Language Portfolio – A guide to the planning, implementation and evaluation of whole-school projects, Glossary, Council of Europe (European Centre for Modern Languages), Graz, available at www.ecml.at/ECML-Programme/Programme2008-2011/Planning,implementationandevaluationofwholeschoolprojects/Resources/tabid/5449/language/en-GB/Default.aspx, accessed 10 May 2019.

Term in French:

plurilinguisme

La capacité d’un individu à communiquer dans deux langues, quel que soit son niveau de compétence.

young learners

Children age 3 to 12, typically attending pre-primary or primary
school.

Term in French:

jeunes apprenants

Les enfants âgés de 3 à 12 ans, qui fréquentent généralement un établissement pré-primaire ou primaire.

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Inspiring language learning in the early years Why it matters and what it looks like for children age 3-12

Glossary

Inspiring language learning in the early years
Why it matters and what it looks like for children age 3-12