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    Exemple 2 : Présentation d'approches en Suède

Resources for assessing the home language competences of migrant pupils

This page will be available in English soon. Please refer to the pages in French.

Approaches in Sweden

Assessment of competences (particularly language competences) on entry to the education system and the continuation of learning in this language

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Context

On the website of the Directorate of School Education:

"The mother tongue plays a very important role in a child's identity and self-esteem. The mother tongue forms the basis of a child's ability to learn. Children who master their mother tongue will find it easier to learn a second language and other school subjects. A multilingual population has great advantages for society.”

Among the values enshrined in legislation, the "Languages Act" (2009)  « Loi sur les langues » (Language Act)
Extrait : « les personnes ayant une autre lague maternelle que la langue visée au premier paragraphe [le suédois] doivent avoir la possibilité de développer et d’employer leur langue maternelle. »
stipulates the constitutional right to one's mother tongue, thereby supporting learners' plurilingualism.

A local authority can set up courses in a particular language if at least 5 speakers of that language living in the town make a request. The country has a population of nearly 10.6 million people (Statistikmyndigheten SCB 2024) and 173 languages are represented in these courses throughout the country (SCB 2019-20). Due to local/municipal responsibility for the organisation of language training, home language courses (known as "mother tongue courses") are very widespread. These courses are offered from the first year of arrival in the education system. The assessment of language competences follows a nationally defined programme and is introduced from the 6th grade (pupil aged around 12).

Some of the languages can be chosen by learners as school subjects (English, Spanish, French) if the school offers this language in its "modern languages" programme. Home languages are therefore either optional subjects (mother tongue classes) or compulsory school subjects (modern language classes) for each learner. The teaching methods and curricula differ between 'mother tongue classes' and 'modern language classes', but the assessment criteria are equivalent and set at a national level.

Various support measures for multilingual classes have been in place since 2016. Academic support which is provided in the learner’s mother tongue and is based on methodological tools (how to learn) has been defined. Thisis carried out with the support of a plurilingual teaching assistant. The support can be provided before, during or after classroom sessions on school subjects.

A former learner on the "mother tongue course" shares her experience

"My name is Siri. I live in Uppsala, a fairly large city in Sweden. I'm going to start university next year. My father is Swedish and my mother is French. My father is a French teacher and has a good command of French. So French is my mother tongue. I started taking French when I was 6-7 years old. The teacher would come to my school and the lesson would last an hour. By the sixth year (aged 12-13) I was in a group of about 13 people. We had lessons late in the afternoon once a week for an hour or an hour and a half if I remember correctly. This system remained the same until the last year of lycée...

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Placement test

A diagnostic test to assess prior learning and other areas of socialisation (families, etc.)

The organisation of intake and schooling for new learners is centralised at the level of the Ministry of Education (since 2016) in order to guarantee the same quality of reception and equity in education. The same assessment materials and processes are used for all learners. Courses in the mother tongue can be taken right up to the end of schooling and earn extra points that can help learners gain access to higher education, for example.

At national level, there are two compulsory stages linked to reception and the assessment of the competences of learners entering the Swedish education system. These are carried out no later than two months after the pupil's arrival:

  • an interview with learners and their families, in the presence of an interpreter: the learners are each asked about their languages and how they are used (at home, by friends, etc.), their experiences and previous schooling, how they learn, their plans/ for and expectations of life in Sweden;
  • an assessment of literacy and numeracy, based on the same material (texts translated into around twenty languages). During this assessment, particular attention may be paid to oral expression (fluency, cohesion, etc.) in line with the guidelines followed by the assessor.

Who is involved in the assessments?

These assessments, set up jointly by the city and the school, are carried out by teachers with the support of interpreters or teachers of the home language(s) from the municipalities, or experts recruited for the assessment.

Objectives:

The aims are both to measure prior learning in terms of cognitive, literacy and numeracy competences prior to entry into the new school system (diagnostic assessment), and also to ensure continuity between pathways (academic and personal) by assessing oral competences and offering the opportunity to continue learning in the home language(s) or the language of earlier schooling.

The assessment is therefore both diagnostic and formative. Feedback to the learners and their families is not given in the form of a mark, but rather in the form of an assessment. This is to highlight the competences learners already have and use, their strengths and areas in need of consolidation. Learners choose the language in which they wish to take the placement test.

References

On programmes linked to the teaching of mother tongues and related research work:

  • V. Simon (2017), « Enseigner 200 langues à l’école, le défi suédois », in C. Tremblay, C. Clairis & J.-C. Beacco, Plurilinguisme et éducation, vol. II, p.36-47

On the role of plurilingual teachers in supporting school learning in the Swedish education system:

  • A. Reith Warren (2017), Developing multilingual literacies in Sweden and Australia: Opportunities and challenges in mother tongue instruction and multilingual study guidance in Sweden and community language education in Australia. Ph-D Thesis Stockholm University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Language Education.

This section was produced with the help of V. Simon, Lecturer and Researcher, Department of Educational Sciences, Uppsala University.